IFN-γ protein was observed in non-infected cells for up to 72 h.24 h post viral infection, were sufficient to notice significant increase of the IFN-γ but RANTES was detected only after 48 h.Study using epithelial primary cells or animal model to help decipher the role of IFN-γ in PIV3 induced PVOD.Data from Jun Tian et al. study provided some explanations on the later point. Here, CCL5 is linked to pulmonary venoocclusive disease.