In previous studies, we reported that Ado induces the production of TGF-β1 by CeCa cells by interacting with ARs, specifically A2AR and A2BR [35], and that this cytokine strongly contributes to enhancing protumoral characteristics related to tumor progression, such as migration and invasion, immune evasion, immunosuppression, and chemoresistance [36]. Here, ADORA2A is linked to neoplasm.