GDF15 and cancer: There are several pathways included in the growing process of cancer cells, such AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A), Hippo, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), p53, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), retinoblastoma protein (Rb), Notch, and Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) pathways [97].