TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Our findings were similar to those in a previous report that outlined the associations between TNF-α promoter methylation levels and several anthropometric variables (BMI, WC, and total body fat) and different metabolic features (e.g., total cholesterol–HDL-c and LDL-C–HDL-C ratios), which suggested a TNF-α regulatory action on obesity related to metabolic syndrome [8].