CX3CR1 and diabetes mellitus: Additionally, diabetes affects microglial function; a review that examined 267 articles found that diabetes modulates microglia by affecting their secretion of a wide variety of cytokines and chemokines (NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome, fractalkine/CX3CR1, MAPKs, and Akt/mTOR), their metabolic reprogramming, and their increased promotion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [19].