FGF23 and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4: These include inducers of vascular calcification such as chronic stressors, ionic and metabolic disorders, inflammation, hormonal imbalance, oxidative stress, high phosphate levels, bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23)-Klotho, alkaline phosphatase, vitamin K deficiency or vitamin K antagonists, as well as endogenous inhibitors like fetuin-A, matrix-Gla protein (MGP), osteopontin (OPN), osteoprotegerin (OPG), BMP-7, and pyrophosphate [18,19,26,27,28].