DDIT3 and pancreatic neoplasm: Curcumin analogues C509, C521, and C524 have been shown to upregulate HSPA5 and stress-related unfolded protein response (UPR) genes (ATF4, XBP1, and DDIT3) in the pancreatic cancer cells, which could be responsible for inducing mitochondrial membrane depolarization, caspase-3 activation and DNA breakdown, leading to apoptosis [112].