UBE3A and autism: Genetic alterations that can increase the risk of autism include changes in UBE3A, a ubiquitin protein ligase E3A [42], MAPK3 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 3) [43], as well as an increase in the copy number variants, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), for example, in the chromosomal region 15q11-q13.3 [42].