For example, dysbiosis in the microbiota caused by factors such as bacterial infections, antibiotic therapy, and a poor diet (Figure 2) can lead to abnormalities in the action of innate immune cells which result in the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (type I interferon (IFN), interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-23 (IL-23)) and the downregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)) [91]. Here, IL37 is linked to bacterial infectious disease.