DPP4 and acute kidney injury: It is currently unknown whether DPP-4 renal activation contributes to AKI: whereas several studies showed that DPP-4 inhibitors had neutral effects on the risk of AKI in diabetic patients [47,48], extensive evidence indicates that DPP-4 inhibition results in the protection of the kidneys from various types of renal conditions, including AKI [21,49,50,51,52,53,54,55].