The search encompassed keywords and their combinations such as “hypertension”, “chronic kidney disease”, “obesity”, “metabolic syndrome”, “diabetes”, “hyperlipidemia”, “cardiovascular disease”, “developmental programming”, “DOHaD”, “offspring”, “mother”, “nephron”, “pregnancy”, “gestation”, “lactation”, “progeny”, “reprogramming”, “prorenin receptor”, “aldosterone”, “mineralocorticoid receptor”, “angiotensinogen”, “angiotensin-converting enzyme”, “renin”, and “angiotensin”. Here, REN is linked to metabolic syndrome.