More recently and largely in keeping with these data, a 2021 cross-sectional analysis of the RISE clinical trial subjects with pre-diabetes or treatment-naive T2D established no relationship between OSA severity or sleep duration with insulin sensitivity, pancreatic β-cell dysfunction or alternate markers of glycemia, despite the use of gold-standard techniques to assess insulin secretion and β-cell function [84]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.