ATF6 and Insulin resistance: During insulin resistance (IR), the dissociation of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) from three ER membrane transport proteins—Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), Inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE-1α), and Activating Transcription Factor 6 (ATF6)—occurs, leading to the unfolded protein response (UPR).