In this sense, adding the IGFBP-3 protein to the LNCaP cell growth medium inhibited growth through p21/WAF1 [32]; IGFBP3 and MAPK/ERK signaling mediates melatonin-induced antitumor activity in PCa [33]; and IGFBP-3 also promotes TGFβ-mediated EMT and cell motility in other human cancer cells [34]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.