In a case-control study in patients with type 2 diabetes, elevated plasma levels of chemokine ligand-16 (CXCL-16), angiopoietin-2, and TGF-β1, which are systemic biomarkers of inflammation, fibrosis and endothelial dysfunction, are independently associated with the development of microalbuminuria [193]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.