TNF and lung neoplasm: Multiple inflammation signaling pathways (e.g., nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway, and NLRP3 pathway) are activated, and the cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection forces immune cells (mainly monocyte/macrophage, neutrophil, NK cells, and T cells) to produce cytokines and chemokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-18, which subsequently enhances the inflammatory condition in the lung tumor microenvironment and leads to cancer development [15,37].