TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Adipose tissue remodeling during obesity provides a plethora of intrinsic and extrinsic signals capable of triggering an inflammatory response and activation of cell signings, such as the JNK and NF-kB signaling pathways and the target genes, e.g., IL-6, TNFα, interferons, and MCP-1 [38].