Oxidative stress leads to intracellular calcium accumulation, activating apoptosis and inflammation through various pathways, including toll-like receptor-4 (TRL-4), NF-kB, tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), ultimately causing cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac remodeling [121]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is cardiac hypertrophy.