TNF and Cowden disease: Therapies for CD revolve around four primary mechanisms of action: agents that target anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF), such as infliximab and adalimumab; therapies against anti-interleukin, including ustekinumab and risankizumab; treatments involving anti-integrin, such as vedolizumab; and immunomodulators, commonly prescribed alongside anti-TNF agents [7,8,9].