TGFB1 and breast cancer: After bisphenol exposure, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion, CD44, as a biomarker of stemness, and metalloproteinase MMP-14, as a biomarker for invasion, were overexpressed in ER+ BC cell lines, whereas the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) were upregulated in ER– BC lines [97].