CXCL1 and otitis media with effusion: It has recently been shown, in secretory otitis media (SOM), that different inflammatory mediators, such as CXCL1, IL-16, IL-8, IL-17, IL-1β, CXCL10, and CXCL9, were found in high concentrations in middle ear fluids, in association with the presence of bacterial and viral nucleic acid levels [36].