TNF and Alzheimer disease: Therefore, the present work aimed to accomplish a comparative and comprehensive study investigating whether MT pre-treatment could improve the immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects of AD- and BM-MSCs with an analysis of the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β, the anti-fibrogenic factor NF-κβ, the apoptotic factor caspase-3, the proliferative indicator antigen kiel 67 (Ki-67), and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).