TGFB1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: In both familial and sporadic ALS, multiple studies document a dysregulated astrocytic release of cytokines like TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in addition to prostaglandins, inorganic polyphosphate, nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and miRNA-containing extracellular vesicles, which cause abnormal microglial function and motor neuron toxicity [61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75].