CTLA4 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Although immunotherapies, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, like anti-programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antibodies, have shown promise in pre-clinical studies [30], their effectiveness in HCC remains limited, with less than 30% of tumors exhibiting prolonged survival upon PD-1 antibody treatment [31].