PGF and fetal growth restriction: Apart from its roles in angiogenesis and modulating the growth and migration of various cell types, the presence of a CPG island hypermethylated on PGF exon 7 in the fetal growth restriction (FGR) placenta leads to the downregulation of PGF expression, which further regulates trophoblast cell proliferation and migration, affecting placental development and function [23].