The ex vivo transfection of bone marrow-derived MSC with a minicircle expressing the vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) has been performed to promote endothelial cell growth and survival for tissue repair in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) which is characterized by a blockage of the arteries and a decrease blood flow to the lower extremities [53]. Here, VEGFA is linked to peripheral arterial disease.