IL6 and pulmonary fibrosis: IL-6 (known as both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine) is one of the cytokines responsible for activating M2-like macrophages with hyper-profibrotic phenotypes; the accumulation of these hyper-profibrotic cells follows, finally inducing extracellular matrix deposition and aggravating pulmonary fibrosis [2,3,4].