TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Smethurst and colleagues, in 2020, based on a pathological finding for this disease, the aberrant cytoplasmic localization and aggregation of TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) in motor neurons and glia (in both brain and spinal cord of patients), performed an in vitro assay to further analyze TDP-43 toxicity in cells and to try to understand the role of astrocytes in ALS [168].