SNCA and Parkinson disease: In 2016, Kuan and colleagues analyzed the influence of α-synuclein aggregation, a protein with innate neurotoxicity and a pathological hallmark in PD, on endothelial cells barrier function, using two co-culture models: (i) hCMEC/D3 cells co-cultured with primary rat astrocytes and (ii) hCMEC/D3 cells co-cultured with primary neuronal cultures [177].