DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: We have further reported an amelioration in the mdx pathological changes, revealed by decreased inflammation and fibrosis as well as the number of centrally nucleated fibers in organs critical for the survival of DMD patients, which correlated with significantly higher values of dystrophin in the heart, diaphragm, and gastrocnemius muscles at 90 [28] and 180 days [29] following systemic-intraosseous DEC administration.