TNF and Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1: Previous studies had used immunochemical staining, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and next-generation RNA sequencing to reveal the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), in the bladders of IC/BPS [6,7].