PPARA and Insulin resistance: In the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mice, the oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum ZJUIDS14 at the dose of 109 U per day over 12 weeks significantly reduced hepatic steatosis and liver injury and reduced insulin resistance by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, and the composition of the gut microbiota, as well as the function of the intestinal barrier, was restored [18].