Elkhounds showed increased serum insulin, C-peptide concentration, and HOMA (homeostatic model assessment) for beta-cell function during diestrus compared with anestrus, while the HOMA for insulin sensitivity was lower, suggesting increased beta-cell function due to insulin resistance, while non-Elkhound dogs showed similar insulin secretion and sensitivity markers during anestrus and diestrus. Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.