CCL2 and inflammation: It ameliorates hepatic lipid accumulation by modulating the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism such as CD36, FATP5, PPAR-γ, SREBP-1c, FAS, and LPL; restores impaired intestinal barrier function by enhancing tight junction protein expression including ZO-1 and occludin; and alleviates liver inflammation by reducing tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6).