INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: The multifaceted mechanisms by which probiotics alleviate NAFLD/NASH include modulation of gut microbiota composition and metabolic activity, suppression of inflammatory cytokine release, improvement of intestinal barrier integrity to mitigate liver inflammation and endotoxin- or inflammatory factor-induced damage, enhancement of insulin sensitivity while reducing hepatic fat accumulation, as well as production of small quantities of beneficial metabolic by-products such as SCFAs that reinforce antioxidative defense mechanisms and diminish oxidative stress [63,64].