INS and Insulin resistance: Likewise, BCAA or some of their derivates could promote insulin resistance through inhibiting insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation; also, it has been hypothesized that the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) could be overactivated by excessive levels of BCAA, leading to a reduction in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake caused by insulin receptor substrate (IRS) degradation and reduced Akt-AS160 activity [38,39].