Furthermore, a community-based cross-sectional study has shown that the endothelial-related biomarkers, including E-selectin, p-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), CD40 ligand, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, chitinase-3-like-1 protein, and total homocysteine (tHCY), are associated with WMH volume (p = 0.008) [48], suggesting that endothelial dysfunction may be the bridge between inflammation and WMH. Here, VCAM1 is linked to endothelial dysfunction.