CTLA4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: For the purposes of this discussion, we focus on published randomized clinical trials in selected malignancies (Table 1 and Table 2) and propose that comparing anti-CTLA4 + anti-PD1 with standard of care rather than out-of-date regimens in the control arm would be informative, e.g., with anti-PD1/L1 + chemotherapy rather than chemotherapy alone for NSCLC/SCLC, and with anti-PD1 + axitinib, lenvatinib, or cabozantinib rather than sunitinib alone for RCC, and could be practice-changing, if not paradigm-shifting.