While PTRF contributes to the formation of caveola in the plasma membrane, a follow-up study showed that PTRF also activates the cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) pathway, which ultimately remodels phospholipids in vivo and reduces CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocyte production in response to glioblastoma [73]. This evidence concerns the gene CAVIN1 and glioblastoma.