Previous studies have demonstrated that depending on the origin of the EVs, it can result in their polarization into M1 macrophages (e.g., adipocyte-derived EVs from diabetic subjects [47]; hepatocyte-derived EVs from NAFLD patients [60]; EVs from M1 macrophages induced by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and LPS [61] or M2 (Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell derived-EVs [62]; hypoxic glioma cell-derived EVs [63]). Here, IFNG is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.