Importantly, 9 of the overlapping genes have genetic associations with T1DM risk: GPSM3, HLA-DMB, HLA-DPA1, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, HLA-F, LST1, RPL41. These results suggest significant similarity between dysregulated genes and pathways in circulatory immune cells and pancreatic islets in T1DM and support the relevance of systemic immune changes to the pathophysiology of T1DM pancreas. Here, HLA-DRB1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.