INS and diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a prototypic endocrine autoimmune disease driven by chronic inflammatory responses against insulin-secreting pancreatic \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document}β cells, leading to insulin deficiency with life-long dependence on exogenous insulin treatment [1].