Similarly, serum HIF-1α levels in intensive care patients exhibited diagnostic potential in sepsis, with significantly higher concentrations detected in patients with septic shock, septic non-shock, and infection groups than in those undergoing elective surgery (160.39 ± 19.68 vs 135.24 ± 20.34 vs 114.34 ± 15.50 vs 113.37 ± 15.50 pg/Ml, respectively, P < 0.01) [141]. Here, HIF1A is linked to infection.