To exclude the possibility that the observed causal effect of S100A8/A9 on HF risk only applies to patients with early-onset MI, we used the UKB cohort for external validation of the causal effect, in which the median age at AMI onset was 56.0 [52.6–59.2] in patients with HF and 55.7 [51.6–58.4] in patients without HF (Supplementary Table 17). Here, S100A8 is linked to hydrops fetalis.