AFP and liver cancer: The machine-learning model tests developed from this study could be utilized in the following scenarios: i) to determine whether a liver biopsy is necessary in patients with a mass <LR5 or a nodule of unknown significance on liver imaging, ii) to evaluate cancer of the liver in patients with normal serum AFP levels, iii) to assess the efficacy of treatment and the presence of residual cancer in patients with HCC who have undergone treatment, and iv) as a routine screening test for early HCC in high-risk individuals before any expensive radiology imaging is performed.