Loss-of-function Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) mutations or gain-of-function nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2; also known as NRF2) mutations are found in ~20% of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and in ~30% of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) (11, 12). Here, KEAP1 is linked to squamous cell lung carcinoma.