The effects of bacteria on cell signalling including Ras and Cdc42 [20, 35,  36,  38,  41], MT1-MMP and invadopodia (detailed in step 2) associated with membrane ruffles and uptake of bacteria; incredibly similar pathways are detailed as associated with cancer invasion into the bloodstream and metastases [27, 43,  132]. The gene discussed is CDC42; the disease is cancer.