To this aim, we evaluated whether plasma concentrations of sRAGE, HMGB1, and ROS/RNS, together with the brain biomarker of aging apolipoprotein D (ApoD) and the antioxidant regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), are predictive indices for cognitive impairment in abstinent AUD patients compared to AD patients and control subjects. The gene discussed is HMGB1; the disease is Cognitive impairment.