GCG and hyperinsulinism: The administration of ursodeoxycholate decreased glucose levels, increased serum glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels, alleviated hyperinsulinemia, increased the islet areas, and improved islet function in a study by Bai et al. These changes may be related to its roles in enhancing TGR5 gene expression in the intestine, inhibiting the expression of genes in bile acid synthesis, and suppressing liver fibrosis [93].