TGFB1 and neoplasm: Combination therapy of TGF-β inhibitors and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 has been shown to restore cytotoxic activity of T cells and anti-tumor activity of anti-PD-L1 in mouse models of melanoma and is currently being explored in phase 1 trials (NCT05436990) (see Table 1) [120,121].