KRAS and colorectal carcinoma: Table 1 shows the results of several clinical studies of nucleic acid-based vaccines provoking an immune response in patients with CRC. An ongoing phase II clinical trial (NCT03948763) is evaluating the safety, tolerability, and optimal dose of an mRNA vaccine (mRNA-5671/V941) that targets four of the most common KRAS mutations (G12D, G12V, G13D, and G12C). Moderna and Merck collaborated to produce the mRNA-5671 vaccine, and an active phase I trial is testing it solely or in combination with pembrolizumab (50).