CD38 and neoplasm: Interestingly, combination of cisplatin/etoposide, anti-PD-L1 antibody and anti-CD38 antibody predominantly delayed tumor growth compared to cisplatin and etoposide (p=0.055, Student T test), suggesting that co-inhibition of CD38 and PD-L1 combined with chemo-agents might show anti-tumor effect in SCLC (Figure 3D, Supplementary Figure S4).