CSF2 and neoplasm: This process is facilitated by the production of various cytokines and chemokines, including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, IL-21, IL-15, IL-18, CXCR3, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which actively promote anti-tumor immunity (174, 175).